在本文中,我们提出了针对无人接地车辆(UGV)的新的控制屏障功能(CBF),该功能有助于避免与运动学(非零速度)障碍物发生冲突。尽管当前的CBF形式已经成功地保证了与静态障碍物的安全/碰撞避免安全性,但动态案例的扩展已获得有限的成功。此外,借助UGV模型,例如Unicycle或自行车,现有CBF的应用在控制方面是保守的,即在某些情况下不可能进行转向/推力控制。从经典的碰撞锥中汲取灵感来避免轨迹规划,我们介绍了其新颖的CBF配方,并具有对独轮车和自行车模型的安全性保证。主要思想是确保障碍物的速度W.R.T.车辆总是指向车辆。因此,我们构建了一个约束,该约束确保速度向量始终避开指向车辆的向量锥。这种新控制方法的功效在哥白尼移动机器人上进行了实验验证。我们将其进一步扩展到以自行车模型的形式扩展到自动驾驶汽车,并在Carla模拟器中的各种情况下证明了避免碰撞。
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Differentiable Search Indices (DSIs) encode a corpus of documents in the parameters of a model and use the same model to map queries directly to relevant document identifiers. Despite the strong performance of DSI models, deploying them in situations where the corpus changes over time is computationally expensive because reindexing the corpus requires re-training the model. In this work, we introduce DSI++, a continual learning challenge for DSI to incrementally index new documents while being able to answer queries related to both previously and newly indexed documents. Across different model scales and document identifier representations, we show that continual indexing of new documents leads to considerable forgetting of previously indexed documents. We also hypothesize and verify that the model experiences forgetting events during training, leading to unstable learning. To mitigate these issues, we investigate two approaches. The first focuses on modifying the training dynamics. Flatter minima implicitly alleviate forgetting, so we optimize for flatter loss basins and show that the model stably memorizes more documents (+12\%). Next, we introduce a generative memory to sample pseudo-queries for documents and supplement them during continual indexing to prevent forgetting for the retrieval task. Extensive experiments on novel continual indexing benchmarks based on Natural Questions (NQ) and MS MARCO demonstrate that our proposed solution mitigates forgetting by a significant margin. Concretely, it improves the average Hits@10 by $+21.1\%$ over competitive baselines for NQ and requires $6$ times fewer model updates compared to re-training the DSI model for incrementally indexing five corpora in a sequence.
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We present DyFOS, an active perception method that Dynamically Finds Optimal States to minimize localization error while avoiding obstacles and occlusions. We consider the scenario where a ground target without any exteroceptive sensors must rely on an aerial observer for pose and uncertainty estimates to localize itself along an obstacle-filled path. The observer uses a downward-facing camera to estimate the target's pose and uncertainty. However, the pose uncertainty is a function of the states of the observer, target, and surrounding environment. To find an optimal state that minimizes the target's localization uncertainty, DyFOS uses a localization error prediction pipeline in an optimization search. Given the states mentioned above, the pipeline predicts the target's localization uncertainty with the help of a trained, complex state-dependent sensor measurement model (which is a probabilistic neural network in our case). Our pipeline also predicts target occlusion and obstacle collision to remove undesirable observer states. The output of the optimization search is an optimal observer state that minimizes target localization uncertainty while avoiding occlusion and collision. We evaluate the proposed method using numerical and simulated (Gazebo) experiments. Our results show that DyFOS is almost 100x faster than yet as good as brute force. Furthermore, DyFOS yielded lower localization errors than random and heuristic searches.
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Explainable AI (XAI) is widely viewed as a sine qua non for ever-expanding AI research. A better understanding of the needs of XAI users, as well as human-centered evaluations of explainable models are both a necessity and a challenge. In this paper, we explore how HCI and AI researchers conduct user studies in XAI applications based on a systematic literature review. After identifying and thoroughly analyzing 85 core papers with human-based XAI evaluations over the past five years, we categorize them along the measured characteristics of explanatory methods, namely trust, understanding, fairness, usability, and human-AI team performance. Our research shows that XAI is spreading more rapidly in certain application domains, such as recommender systems than in others, but that user evaluations are still rather sparse and incorporate hardly any insights from cognitive or social sciences. Based on a comprehensive discussion of best practices, i.e., common models, design choices, and measures in user studies, we propose practical guidelines on designing and conducting user studies for XAI researchers and practitioners. Lastly, this survey also highlights several open research directions, particularly linking psychological science and human-centered XAI.
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我们提出了对基于模型的RL问题的交织勘探和开发时期的探索和剥削(DSEE)算法的确定性测序,旨在同时学习系统模型,即马尔可夫决策过程(MDP)以及相关的最佳政策。在探索过程中,DSEE探索环境并更新预期奖励和过渡概率的估计值。在开发过程中,使用系统动力学的最新估计值用于获得具有很高概率的强大策略。我们设计了探索和剥削时期的长度,以使累积遗憾成为时间的亚线性功能。我们还讨论了一种使用多跳跃MDP和大都市杂货算法的有效探索方法,以均匀地对每个州行动对采样,概率很高。
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创造像音乐这样的复杂艺术作品需要深刻的创造力。随着深度学习和强大模型(例如变形金刚)的最新进展,自动音乐生成取得了巨大进展。在伴奏的生成环境中,在歌曲中的适当位置创建一个连贯的鼓模式,即使对于经验丰富的鼓手来说,在歌曲中的适当位置也是一项艰巨的任务。鼓节拍倾向于通过填充或即兴表演的节遵循重复的模式。在这项工作中,我们解决了鼓模式产生的任务,该任务是根据四种旋律乐器演奏的音乐来解决的:钢琴,吉他,贝斯和弦乐。我们将变压器序列用于序列模型来生成在旋律伴奏下进行的基本鼓模式,以发现即兴创作在很大程度上不存在,这可能归因于其在训练数据中的预期相对较低的表示。我们提出了一种新颖的功能,以捕获相对于其邻居的标准中即兴创作的程度。我们训练一个模型,以预测旋律伴奏曲目的即兴位置。最后,我们使用一种小说的伯特(Bert)启发的填充体系结构,以学习鼓和旋律的结构,以实现即兴音乐的填充元素。
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中子核相互作用的温度依赖性被称为横截面的多普勒拓宽。这是由于中子核相互作用发生的靶核的热运动,这是一种众所周知的效果。这种影响的快速计算对于任何核应用至关重要。已经开发了机制,可以在横截面中确定多普勒效应,其中大多数基于称为Solbrig的核的数值分辨率,该方程是Solbrig的核,这是跨截面多普勒拓宽形式,源自自由气体原子分布假设。本文探讨了一种基于深度学习技术的新型非线性方法。深度神经网络经过合成和实验数据的训练,可作为横截面多普勒宽片(DB)的替代方法。本文探讨了使用物理知情的神经网络的可能性,在该神经网络实际上是正规化的,可以从Solbrig的内核中推断出部分衍生方程的解决方案。通过使用$^{235} u $在热量到2250 eV的能量范围内的裂变,捕获和散射横截面来证明学习过程。
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该底漆是为了提供终身学习不同方面的详细摘要。我们从第2章开始,该第2章提供了终身学习系统的高级概述。在本章中,我们讨论了终身学习中的突出场景(第2.4节),提供8介绍,一个由不同终身学习方法组成的高级组织(第2.5节),列举Desiderata为理想的终身学习系统(第2.6节),讨论如何讨论如何讨论终身学习与其他学习范式有关(第2.7节),描述用于评估终身学习系统的常见指标(第2.8节)。对于那些毕生学习并希望在不关注特定方法或基准的读者中,本章更有用。
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在过去的几年中,图形神经网络(GNN)在众多机器学习任务中的出色表现中获得了吸引力。图形卷积神经网络(GCN)是GNN的常见变体,已知在半监督节点分类(SSNC)中具有高性能,并且在同质性的假设下正常工作。最近的文献强调,在某些“特殊条件”下,GCN可以在异性图上实现强大的性能。这些论点激发了我们了解为什么GCN学会执行SSNC的原因。我们发现,类中节点的潜在节点嵌入的相似性与GCN的性能之间存在正相关。我们对数据集基础图结构的研究发现,GCN的SSNC性能受到了类中节点邻域结构的一致性和独特性的显着影响。
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模仿学习在有效地学习政策方面对复杂的决策问题有着巨大的希望。当前的最新算法经常使用逆增强学习(IRL),在给定一组专家演示的情况下,代理会替代奖励功能和相关的最佳策略。但是,这种IRL方法通常需要在复杂控制问题上进行实质性的在线互动。在这项工作中,我们提出了正规化的最佳运输(ROT),这是一种新的模仿学习算法,基于最佳基于最佳运输轨迹匹配的最新进展。我们的主要技术见解是,即使只有少量演示,即使只有少量演示,也可以自适应地将轨迹匹配的奖励与行为克隆相结合。我们对横跨DeepMind Control Suite,OpenAI Robotics和Meta-World基准的20个视觉控制任务进行的实验表明,与先前最新的方法相比,平均仿真达到了90%的专家绩效的速度,达到了90%的专家性能。 。在现实世界的机器人操作中,只有一次演示和一个小时的在线培训,ROT在14个任务中的平均成功率为90.1%。
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